koryo built a wall at the yalu river in the eleventh century to help keep out what enemy?

Jurchen-led purple dynasty of China

"Anchu" and "Jurchen dynasty" redirect here. For the novel, see Anchu (novel). For the 17th-century Jurchen khanate, see Afterwards Jin (1616–1636).

Bully Jin 大金
1115–1234
Location of Jin dynasty (blue), c. 1141
Circuits of Jin
Capital	Huining Prefecture (1122–1153) Zhongdu (1153–1214) Kaifeng (1214–1233) Caizhou (1233–1234)
Common languages	Heart Chinese (later Old Standard mandarin), Jurchen, Khitan
Faith	Buddhism Taoism Confucianism Chinese folk faith
Authorities	Monarchy
Emperor
• 1115–1123	Taizu (commencement)
• 1161–1189	Shizong
• 1234	Modi (last)
Historical era	Medieval Asia
• Founded by Aguda	28 Jan 1115
• Destruction of the Liao dynasty	1125
• Capture of Bianliang from the Northern Vocal dynasty	9 January 1127
• Mongol invasion	1211
• Fall of Caizhou to the Mongol Empire	9 February 1234
Area
1126 est.[i] [2]	2,300,000 km2 (890,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1207[3]	53,000,000
Currency	Chinese coin, Chinese cash, and paper money See: Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)
Preceded by Succeeded by Liao dynasty Northern Vocal Mongol Empire Southern Vocal Western Liao Eastern Xia Eastern Liao
Today part of	China Democratic people's republic of korea Russia

The Jin dynasty (,^[4] [tɕín]; Chinese: 金朝; pinyin: Jīn cháo , Jurchen: Anchun Gurun), officially known every bit the Great Jin, lasted from 1115 to 1234 as one of the terminal dynasties in Chinese history to predate the Mongol conquest of China. Its name is sometimes written equally Kin, Jurchen Jin or Jinn in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty of Red china whose name is identical when transcribed without tone marker diacritics in the Hanyu Pinyin arrangement for Standard Chinese.^[five] It is as well sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin", because its founding leader Aguda (reigned 1115–1123) was of Wanyan Jurchen descent.

The Jin emerged from Taizu'south rebellion against the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until the nascent Jin collection the Liao to the Western Regions, where they became known as the Western Liao. Afterward vanquishing the Liao, the Jin launched a century-long campaign against the Han-led Song dynasty (960–1279), which was based in southern Cathay. Over the form of their rule, the Jurchens of Jin quickly adjusted to Chinese customs, and even fortified the Great Wall against the ascension Mongols. Domestically, the Jin oversaw a number of cultural advancements, such equally the revival of Confucianism.

Later on spending centuries as vassals of the Jin, the Mongols invaded nether Genghis Khan in 1211 and inflicted catastrophic defeats on the Jin armies. Afterward numerous defeats, revolts, defections, and coups, they succumbed to Mongol conquest 23 years later in 1234.

Proper name [edit]

The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" at that time. Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as Prc, Zhongguo ( 中國 ), just every bit some other non-Han dynasties.^[6] Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include not-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China.^[vii] Jin documents bespeak that the usage of "Cathay" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously idea.^[8]

History [edit]

Jin dynasty
Chinese name
Chinese	金朝
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jīn Cháo Wade–Giles Mentumane Ch'ao2 IPA tɕín tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gamane Chiufour IPA [kɐ́m tsʰȉːu]
Alternative Chinese proper name
Chinese	大金
Literal significant	Nifty Jin
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dà Jīn Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Daaisix Gam1 IPA [tàːi kɐ́m]
Khitan name
Khitan	Nik, Niku

Origin [edit]

By the 11th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the Khitan rulers of the Liao dynasty. The Jurchens in the Yalu River region had been tributaries of Goryeo^{[ citation needed ]} since the reign of Wang Geon, who called upon them during the wars of the Later Three Kingdoms period, only the Jurchens switched allegiance betwixt Liao and Goryeo multiple times out of expedience.^{[ citation needed ]} They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and the attraction of cloth benefits.^[9]

Wanyan Aguda [edit]

The Jin dynasty was created in modern Jilin and Heilongjiang past the Jurchen tribal chieftain Aguda in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of Hanpu. Aguda adopted the term for "gilded" every bit the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "aureate" in Jurchen.^[x] This river known equally Alachuke in Chinese, was a tributary of the Songhua River east of Harbin.^[10] The Jurchens' early rulers were the Khitan-led Liao dynasty, which had held sway over modern north and northeast Cathay and the Mongolian Plateau, for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the Alliance Conducted at Sea with the Han-led Northern Vocal dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Primal Asia. In 1125, after the expiry of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Vocal dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated Xvi Prefectures, they were "fiercely resisted" past the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao dominion, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did non oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (nowadays-day Beijing, then known equally Yanjing) to them.^[11] The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans.^[12] The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies past the Song dynasty.^[13] Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin.^[xiv] One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive wood it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched apace across the North China Obviously to Bianjing (present-mean solar day Kaifeng).^[fifteen] On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens ransacked the Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital letter of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong, who had abdicated in panic in the confront of the Jin invasion. Post-obit the autumn of Bianjing, the succeeding Southern Song dynasty connected to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, somewhen signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, which chosen for the cession of all Song territories north of the Huai River to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Vocal full general Yue Fei in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 Oct 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Vocal court.^[16]

Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied North Communist china, the Jin later deliberately chose earth equally its dynastic element and yellowish as its purple color. Co-ordinate to the theory of the V Elements (wuxing), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic chemical element of the Vocal, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Vocal reign of China was officially over and themselves every bit the rightful ruler of Prc Proper.^[17]

Migration due south [edit]

Later taking over Northern Red china, the Jin dynasty became increasingly sinicised. About three million people, half of them Jurchens, migrated southward into northern China over 2 decades, and this minority governed about thirty one thousand thousand people. The Jurchens were given land grants and organised into hereditary military units: 300 households formed a mouke (company) and vii–10 moukes formed a meng-an (battalion).^[18] Many married Han Chinese, although the ban on Jurchen nobles marrying Han Chinese was non lifted until 1191. After Emperor Taizong died in 1135, the next three Jin emperors were grandsons of Aguda by three dissimilar princes. Emperor Xizong (r. 1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions.

Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He too had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan association. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who fabricated his cousin Wanyan Liang the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Consequently, historians take usually referred to him by the posthumous name "Prince of Hailing".^[xix]

Rebellions in the n [edit]

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Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on the program of legitimising his rule every bit an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire'due south master capital from Huining Prefecture (south of present-solar day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-solar day Beijing).^{[19] [xx]} Iv years after, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture.^{[nineteen] [20]} Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the onetime Song capital letter, Bianjing (nowadays-mean solar day Kaifeng), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern upper-case letter.^[19]

Wanyan Liang likewise tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes.^[nineteen] To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all People's republic of china, Wanyan Liang attacked the Southern Song dynasty in 1161. Meanwhile, 2 simultaneous rebellions erupted in Shangjing, at the Jurchens' old power base of operations: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned Wanyan Yong, and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern Red china to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated past Song forces in the Battle of Caishi and Battle of Tangdao. With a depleted war machine forcefulness, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated past his own generals in Dec 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.^[19]

Although crowned in October, Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) was non officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang'southward heir.^[19] The Khitan insurgence was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xi cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin'due south capacity to confront the Southern Vocal militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The Treaty of Longxing (隆興和議) was signed in 1164 and ushered in more than forty years of peace between the 2 empires.

In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in Chinese classics, Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of Jurchen linguistic communication and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the imperial examinations started to be offered in the Jurchen language.^[21] Emperor Shizong's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity equally the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers Yao and Shun. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avert doing farming work by selling their ain Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their state to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The History of Jin (Jinshi) says that Emperor Shizong of Jin took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.^[22]

Emperor Shizong'south grandson, Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he as well immersed himself in Han Chinese civilisation and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The Taihe Lawmaking of law was promulgated in 1201 and was based generally on the Tang Lawmaking. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces finer repulsed them. In the peace understanding, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead Han Tuozhou, the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song majestic court.

Fall of Jin [edit]

Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the due north. Genghis Khan offset led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 nearly 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western upper-case letter" Datong (see too the Battle of Yehuling). The next year the Mongols went n and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "fundamental capital", Zhongdu (present-24-hour interval Beijing). In 1214 the Jin fabricated a humiliating treaty merely retained the capital. That summertime, Emperor Xuanzong abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" Kaifeng, making information technology the official seat of the Jin dynasty's ability.

In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the Yangtze River where Wanyan Liang had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not beget. Furthermore, Emperor Aizong won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the state of war and went dorsum to the majuscule. He made peace with the Tanguts of Western Xia, who had been centrolineal with the Mongols.

Cai Wenji returning to Han, Jin dynasty painting.

The Jurchen Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji's daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader Genghis Khan in substitution for relieving the Mongol siege upon Zhongdu (Beijing) in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.^[23]

Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima ( 劉黑馬 ),^[24] and the Khitan Xiao Zhala (蕭札剌) defected and allowable the three tumens in the Mongol army.^[25] Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan'south successor, Ögedei Khan.^[26] Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.^[27] There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of ten,000 troops. The iii Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er (石抹孛迭兒), Tabuyir (塔不已兒), and Xiao Zhongxi ( 蕭重喜 ; Xiao Zhala'south son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals Zhang Rou ( 張柔 ), Yan Shi ( 嚴實 ), Shi Tianze and Liu Heima allowable the 4 Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.^{[28] [29] [30] [31] [ better source needed ]}

Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived nether Jin dominion. Inter-ethnic matrimony betwixt Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His male parent was Shi Bingzhi (史秉直). Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); information technology is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's female parent.^[32] Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives.^[33] His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean married woman'due south surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi.^[32] Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a Keraite woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered every bit part of the "Mongol nation".^{[33] [34]} Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.^[35]

The Mongols created a "Han Army" ( 漢軍 ) out of defected Jin troops, and some other army out of defected Vocal troops chosen the "Newly Submitted Army" ( 新附軍 ).^[36]

Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with aid from the Southern Song dynasty. The Jurchens tried to resist; just when the Mongols besieged Kaifeng in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled s to the city of Caizhou. A Song–Mongol centrolineal army surrounded the uppercase, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avert being captured in the Mongols besieged Caizhou, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.^[nineteen] The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Vocal dynasty. All the same, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Vocal dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.

In Empire of The Steppes, René Grousset reports that the Mongols were always amazed at the valour of the Jurchen warriors, who held out until seven years after the death of Genghis Khan.

Armed services [edit]

Contemporary Chinese writers ascribed Jurchen success in overwhelming the Liao and Northern Vocal dynasties mainly to their cavalry. Already during Aguda'southward rebellion against the Liao dynasty, all Jurchen fighters were mounted. It was said that the Jurchen cavalry tactics were a carryover from their hunting skills.^[37] Jurchen horsemen were provided with heavy armor; on occasions, they would apply a team of horses fastened to each other with chains (Guaizi Ma).^[37]

As the Liao dynasty vicious apart and the Song dynasty retreated across the Yangtze, the army of the new Jin dynasty absorbed many soldiers who formerly fought for the Liao or Song dynasties.^[37] The new Jin empire adopted many of the Song war machine's weapons, including various machines for siege warfare and artillery. In fact, the Jin military'due south utilise of cannons, grenades, and even rockets to defend besieged Kaifeng against the Mongols in 1233 is considered the first e'er battle in homo history in which gunpowder was used effectively, fifty-fifty though information technology failed to foreclose the eventual Jin defeat.^[37]

On the other paw, the Jin war machine was not particularly adept at naval warfare. Both in 1129–30 and in 1161 Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navies when trying to cantankerous the Yangtze River into the cadre Southern Song territory (see Battle of Tangdao and Battle of Caishi), even though for the latter campaign the Jin had equipped a large navy of their own, using Han Chinese shipbuilders and even Han Chinese captains who had defected from the Southern Song.^[37]

In 1130, the Jin army reached Hangzhou and Ningbo in southern Communist china. But heavy Chinese resistance and the geography of the area halted the Jin advance, and they were forced to retreat and withdraw, and they had not been able to escape the Song navy when trying to return until they were directed by a Han Chinese defector who helped them escape in Zhenjiang. Southern China was then cleared of the Jurchen forces.^{[38] [39]}

The Jin war machine was organised through the meng-an mou-k'o organization, which seemed to exist similar to the afterwards Eight Banners of the Qing dynasty. Meng-an is from the Mongol word for thou, mingghan (see Military of the Yuan dynasty) while mou-k'o means clan or tribe. Groups of 50 households known every bit p'u-li-yen were grouped together equally a mou-k'o, while seven to ten mou-k'o formed a meng-an, and several meng-an were grouped into a wanhu, Chinese for Ten Yard Households. This was not simply a war machine structure merely besides grouped all Jurchen households for economic and administrative functions. Khitans and Han Chinese soldiers who had defected to the Jin dynasty were as well assigned into their own meng-an. All male person members of the households were required to serve in the military; the servants of the household would serve as auxiliaries to escort their masters in battle. The numbers of Han Chinese soldiers in the Jin armies seemed to be very significant.^[40]

Jin Peachy Wall [edit]

"Great Aureate Central State O-Giao Jeo-Shio" (1196), found in at present Mongolia.

In society to prevent incursion from the Mongols, a large structure program was launched. The records bear witness that ii of import sections of the Great Wall were completed by the Jurchens.

The Great Wall as constructed by the Jurchens differed from the previous dynasties. Known as the Border Fortress or the Purlieus Ditch of the Jin, it was formed by excavation ditches within which lengths of wall were congenital. In some places subsidiary walls and ditches were added for extra forcefulness. The structure was started in about 1123 and completed past about 1198. The two sections attributable to the Jin dynasty are known equally the Old Mingchang Walls and New Dandy Walls, together stretching more than than two,000 kilometres in length.^[41]

Authorities [edit]

The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen community with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties.^[42] The pre-dynastic Jurchen authorities was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council.^[43] Jurchen society at the fourth dimension did non take a strong political hierarchy. The Shuo Fu (說郛) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled past central authorisation and locally elected their chieftains.^[42] Tribal customs were retained later on Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions.^[44] The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the Balhae and the Liao.^[45] The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire equanimous of territories one time ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin regime was to establish split up authorities structures for unlike indigenous groups.^[46]

Culture [edit]

Considering the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbor the Song, different cultural developments took identify in both states. Inside Confucianism, the "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more than emphasis on the piece of work of northern Song scholar and poet Su Shi (1037–1101) than on Zhu Eleven's (1130–1200) scholarship, which constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.^[47]

The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (mod Beijing), building for instance a bell belfry and pulsate belfry to announce the night curfew (which was revived after existence abolished nether the Song).^[48] The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent of living in tents amongst the Chinese-fashion architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model.^[49]

A significant co-operative of Taoism chosen the Quanzhen School was founded under the Jin by Wang Zhe (1113–1170), a Han Chinese man who founded formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. Wang took the nickname of Wang Chongyang (Wang "Double Yang") and the disciples he took were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The flourishing of ci poetry that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen, every bit two-thirds of the ci poesy written in Jin times was equanimous by Quanzhen Taoists.

Chinese gilded plates and a chalice from the Jin Dynasty's Zhongdu.

The Jin state sponsored an edition of the Taoist Catechism that is known as the Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin (Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) of the Song dynasty, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and back up of Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1190–1208).^[fifty] In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) had ordered the woodblocks for the Song Canon transferred from Kaifeng (the onetime Northern Song capital that had now get the Jin "Southern Capital letter") to the Central Majuscule's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" or Tianchang guan 天長觀, on the site of what is at present the White Cloud Temple in Beijing.^[50] Other Daoist writings were also moved at that place from another abbey in the Cardinal Upper-case letter.^[50] Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao 孫明道 and ii civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing.^[50] After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" (which yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that was non included in the Huizong edition of the Canon) and securing donations for press, in 1192 Dominicus Mingdao proceeded to cut the new woodblocks.^[51] The terminal print consisted of 6,455 fascicles.^[52] Though the Jin emperors occasionally offered copies of the Catechism as gifts, not a single fragment of it has survived.^[52]

A Buddhist Catechism or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi, the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244.^[53] The project was initiated in 1139 past a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would heighten the necessary funds to brand a new official edition of the Canon printed past the Northern Vocal.^[54] Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted most vii,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing."^[54] Information technology was further expanded during the Yuan.^[54]

Buddhism thrived during the Jin, both in its relation with the majestic court and in society in full general.^[55] Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets.^[56] The donors who funded such inscriptions included members of the Jin imperial family, loftier officials, common people, and Buddhist priests.^[56] Some sutras take only survived from these carvings, which are thus highly valuable to the study of Chinese Buddhism.^[56] At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practise was initiated in 1162 by Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years subsequently when war was over.^[57] His successor Zhanzong used the same method to heighten military funds in 1197 and i year later to enhance money to fight famine in the Western Majuscule.^[57] The aforementioned practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more dearth) likewise as under the reigns of emperors Weishao (r. 1209–1213) and Xuanzong (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.^[58]

Listing of emperors [edit]

Sovereigns of the Jin dynasty 1115–1234

Temple proper noun	Posthumous proper noun1	Jurchen proper name	Chinese proper noun	Years of reign	Era proper noun(s) and Years
Taizu (太祖)	Wuyuan (武元)	Aguda (阿骨打)	Min (旻)	1115–1123	Shouguo (收國; 1115–1116) Tianfu (天輔; 1117–1123)
Taizong (太宗)	Wenlie (文烈)	Wuqimai (吳乞買)	Sheng (晟)	1123–1135	Tianhui (天會; 1123–1135)
Xizong (熙宗)	Xiaocheng (孝成)	Hela (合剌)	Dan (亶)	1135–1149	Tianhui (天會; 1135–1138) Tianjuan (天眷; 1138–1141) Huangtong (皇統; 1141–1149)
None	–	Digunai (迪古乃)	Liang (亮)	1149–1161	Tiande (天德, 1149–1153) Zhenyuan (貞元; 1153–1156) Zhenglong (正隆; 1156–1161)
Shizong (世宗)	Renxiao (仁孝)	Wulu (烏祿)	Yong (雍)	1161–1189	Dading (大定; 1161–1189)
Zhangzong 章宗	Guangxiao (光孝)	Madage (麻達葛)	Jing (璟)	1189–1208	Mingchang (明昌; 1190–1196) Cheng'an (承安; 1196–1200) Taihe (泰和; 1200–1208)
None	–	Unknown	Yongji (永濟)	1208–1213	Da'an (大安; 1209–1212) Chongqing (崇慶; 1212–1213) Zhining (至寧; 1213)
Xuanzong 宣宗	Shengxiao (聖孝)	Wudubu (吾睹補)	Xun (珣)	1213–1224	Zhenyou (貞祐; 1213–1217) Xingding (興定; 1217–1222) Yuanguang (元光; 1222–1224)
Aizong (哀宗, official) Zhuangzong (莊宗, unofficial) Minzong (閔宗, unofficial) Yizong (義宗, unofficial)	None	Ningjiasu (寧甲速)	Shouxu (守緒)	1224–1234	Zhengda (正大; 1224–1232) Kaixing (開興; 1232) Tianxing (天興; 1232–1234)
None	None	Hudun (呼敦)	Chenglin (承麟)	1234	Shengchang (盛昌; 1234)
i: For full posthumous names, see the articles for individual emperors.

Emperors family tree [edit]

Emperors family tree

Wanyan Hanpu 函普 Shizu 始祖 Wanyan Wulu 乌鲁 Dedi 德皇帝 Wanyan Bahai 完颜跋海 Andi 安皇帝 Wanyan Suike 綏可 Xianzu 獻祖 Wanyan Shilu 完颜石鲁 Zhaozu 昭祖 Wanyan Wugunai 完颜乌骨迺 Jingzu 景祖 ~1050–1021–1074 Wanyan Helibo 完颜劾里钵 Shizu 世祖 1039–1074–1092 Wanyan Polashu 完顏頗刺淑 Suzong 肅宗 1042–1092–1094 Wanyan Yingge 完颜盈歌 Muzong 穆宗 1053–1094–1103 Wanyan Hezhe 完顏劾者 d.1121 Wanyan Wuyashu 完顏烏雅束 Kangzong 康宗 1061–1103–1113 Wanyan Aguda 完颜阿骨打 Taizu 太祖 1068-(born 1113)1115–1123 Wanyan Wuqimai 完顏吳乞買 Taizong 太宗 1075–1123–1135 □ Wanyan Sagai 完顏撒改 Wanyan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 d.1124 Huizong 徽宗 Wanyan Zonggan 完颜宗干 d.1141 Dezong 德宗 Wanyan Zongfu 完顏宗辅 1096–1135 Ruizong 睿宗 Wanyan Nianhan 完颜粘罕 1080–1136 Wanyan Hela 完顏合剌 Xizong 熙宗 1119–1135–1149 Wanyan Liang 完顏亮 Prince of Hailing 海陵王 1122–1149–1161 Wanyan Yong 完顏雍 Shizong 世宗 1123–1161–1189 Wanyan Yungong 完顏允恭 1146–1185 Xianzong 顯宗 Wanyan Yongji 完顏永濟 Prince Shao of Wei 衛紹王 1168–1209–1213 Wanyan Jing 完顏璟 Zhangzong 章宗 1168–1190–1208 Wanyan Xun 完顏珣 Xuanzong 宣宗 1163–1213–1223 Wanyan Shouxu 完顏守緒 1234 Aizong 哀宗 1198–1224–1234 Wanyan Chenglin 完顏承麟 Mo 末帝 r.1234; d.1234

Encounter also [edit]

• Eastern Xia
• Jurchen Jin emperors family tree
• Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
• Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

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8. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 24.
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36. ^ Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 66.
37. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Tao (1976), Chapter 2. "The Rise of the Chin dynasty", pp. 21–24
38. ^ Gernet (1996), p. 357. "Nanking and Hangchow were taken past assault in 1129 and in 1130 the Jürchen ventured equally far as Ning-po, in the n-eastern tip of Chekiang."
39. ^ René Grousset (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (reprint, illustrated ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 137. ISBN978-0-8135-1304-1. The emperor Kao-tsung had taken flight to Ningpo (and then known as Mingchow) and later to the port of Wenchow, south of Chekiang. From Nanking the Kin full general Wu-chu hastened in pursuit and captured Hangchow and Ningpo (stop of 1129 and showtime of 1130. However, the Kin army, consisting entirely of cavalry, had ventured too far into this China of the southward with its flooded lands, intersecting rivers, paddy fields and canals, and dense population which harassed and encircled it. We-chu, leader of the Kin troops, sought to render north but was halted by the Yangtze, now wide as a ocean and patrolled by Chinese flotillas. At concluding a traitor showed him how he might cantankerous the river near Chenkiang, east of Nanking (1130).
40. ^ Franke 1994, pp. 273–277.
41. ^ "Slap-up Wall of Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)". TravelChinaGuide.
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47. ^ Tillman 1995b, pp.^{&#91, page needed &#93,} .
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52. ^ ^{a b} Boltz 2008, p. 292.
53. ^ Yao 1995, p. 174; Goossaert 2008, p. 916 (both Buddhist Canon and Daoist Catechism printed in Shanxi).
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55. ^ Yao 1995, p. 173.
56. ^ ^{a b c} Yao 1995, p. 175.
57. ^ ^{a b} Yao 1995, p. 161.
58. ^ Yao 1995, pp. 161–62.

Sources [edit]

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External links [edit]

• Media related to Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) at Wikimedia Eatables

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_%281115%E2%80%931234%29

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